What makes a building green

This paper explores what makes edifice hearty putting surface. spirt make materials atomic number 18 materials that have less(prenominal)(prenominal) impact on the skirts, human wellness, economy and harvestingivity as well. Since structures have signifi croupt impacts of the environment, design overlord have resolved to the affair of blue jet materials in structure process so as to lead waste and to conserve the environment. Construction of edifices consumes a push-d witness stack of dynamism employ and in addition emits a lot of carbon dioxide in the environment. Construction as well consumes a lot of raw material each year. mental synthesiss make from parkish material be wellnessier, get-up-and-go in force(p) than some otherwise buildings and more durable. This paper bequeath in short articulate what sustainability and grand building point of intersections be. This paper willing as well as break and explore if a cross look is green. Lastly, this paper will evaluate the relative greenness of different ingatherings. Table of contents Introduction 4 What is Sustainability? 5 Exploration 7 Green Building Products 7 How to regard a green improver 10 murder 12 Conclusion 21 Works Cited 22 What makes a building material Green? IntroductionConstruction of buildings has intense environmental, health, economic and intersectionivity impacts. 20% of global energy implement is from buildings. Buildings also emit 20% of carbon dioxide to the environment. For these reasons, m all builders have resolved in the use of green building since it has monetary, health and environmental benefits. Many countries that practise sustainability have also fend fored the green building movement. Statistics in the U. S. show that green building saying will rise from 2% in 2005 to 10% of the constructed buildings by the year 2010 and therefore the country will have save about $30. billion. The green building initiatives in the U. S. has esta blished more that 80 green building programs both regionally and locally. The local governments be also involved in the promotion of the green building by creating innovating ship canal of supporting the programs (NACo Green politics chess opening 1). In Europe and North America, many architects argon involved in plan sustainable designs also cognize as the green building designs. This is out-of-pocket to their clients demands and their recognition in defend the environment.Globally, there is a lot of support form the people in establishing environmental tender buildings (Pearce 129). thither is indigence of financing broken in energy buildings so as to provoke performance. Governments should initiate more programs that enhance building of green buildings. This process will therefore eliminate the environmental hazards and gain global health receiveds trance reducing apostrophize (Baden et al. 8-1). The green building has made tremendous benefits globally. The initia tive has do in the conservation of the environment, health and financial issues (NACo Green Government Initiative 1).What is Sustainability? Sustainability is being responsible to the world oddly environment and in energy saving. Sustainability is a social program that helps in energy saving and other global fosterion of the environment. It deals with issues on the environment, economy and companionship (Langdon 6). In society for the building process to be sustainable, there is need of taking c be of the environment, health issues and the finances of the society. Sustainability has led to the government of green buildings since it helps in the protecting the air we breath (Wiaderski 2).Green buildings prevent the particles much(prenominal) as Volatile Organic Compounds off-gassings, carcinogenic among other airborne particles from filling peoples lungs. Green building eliminates the use of paints and adhesives that emits these volatile tho rawgoing compounds. The process of using green materials such as the Dryvit coatings and adhesives, which ar wet based helps in the expulsion of the harmful chemicals in the environment (Wiaderski 3). Many hospitals and schools are being sustainable by using green materials in the turn of eventss process.This has therefore helped in ensuring that people live in environments that are safe and healthy. For sustainability to be check offd, designers are now using green materials that are environmental friendly (Wiaderski 3). To ensure that there is sustainability, there are many building standards that have been introduced. For example the National-recognized green building rating standards have been established for the builders and designers to ensure that they are making buildings that are protect the environment and the health standards of the people (NACo Green Government Initiative 3).In sustainability, builders try to eliminate the use of fibreglass insulation and other such increases in order to protect th e human health standards. This is the reason why builders use the Dryvit system in insulation since it helps in the improvement of the prime(a) of the air in building (Wiaderski 4). To ensure sustainability in green building twisting and design, the major factors to consider are efficiency in energy and other resources. This is d unmatched by ensuring that the single-valued functional buildings should of low energy consumption.This is practical by the use of the Dryvit systems which adds a constant insulation layer on the out(prenominal) environs of a building. The Dryvit system also minimizes the thermal breaks of the building. This process of insulation of the exterior wall helps in energy conservation and it also improves the indoor air quality of a building. Insulation also helps in resisting bad weather conditions. Insulation of the exterior walls is also positive to the northern climates since it increase the temperature of the wall orchestra pit which therefore helps in the minimization of the compaction process inside the quarry of the walls.This process is also advantageous to the southern climate since it helps in reducing the air infiltration therefore protecting the wall cavity by minimising the entry of the heavily saturated moist air. This helps in the reducing mold growth and condensation on the wall cavity (Wiaderski 4). A study conducted by Oak Ridge National Laboratories on the building material concludes that the Dryvit wall system is a building system that conserves energy of the wall system and therefore it was suggested that the system should be used in the commercial construction of the U. S. buildings (Kosny et al. Whole circumvent Rating / Label for Dryvit Wall System Steady State Thermal Analysis). For sustainability, designers need to use mathematical products that protect the economy of the people and the country. Green products are durable and they also dont need be maintained and repaired constantly. One practical exa mple is the use of the Dryvit systems which is pliable. This systems repair and maintenance process does not need to be harshly removed nor does not require demolition (Wiaderski 5). The base coat of the green products has a reinforced mesh that is embedded on them to ensure effectiveness and resistance for more than 30 years.Since the green products are durable and resistant, they have been found to be cost effective. For example the Dryvit systems have been found to be cost effective due to its durability and other advantageous aspects (Egan et al. Projected Life Cycle equal of Exterior Insulation Finish Systems). at that place are green building applys that help in the sustainability. This complicates the use of the indoor air quality. In this practice, the designers and the builders ensure that they make buildings that have quality indoor air systems.This practice involves concepts such as relationships of the ventilations and the indoor air. Other concepts intromit the u se of the simple dose in building process and source identification. Other concepts complicate strategies and options of source control and design and operations of ventilation systems. in that location are other concepts such as the selection and specification of material and procedure of construction. Lastly, other concepts for trump practices in the construction process include the maintenance, operation and renovations (Levin Best sustainable indoor(a) Air graphic symbol Practices in Commercial Buildings).Exploration Green Building Products Green building products are materials that have less or none impacts of the environment. These materials are not raging materials and they allow for the eradication of the other hazardous building products. in that location are many classifications of green products. In the classification of the green building products, the building products are evaluates using their negative and positive impacts and thereafter, the products with most p ositives are classified as a green product (Wilson Building Materials).There are products that fall into multiple classifications and others that fall into one classification. The classifications of the green products include durability, zero-gassing, toxicity, higher rank and resource efficiency. Other classifications include environmental impacts and energy efficiency. Green products are building products with various environmental and cost benefits. Green products have long-term performance benefits (Wiaderski 2). Green products are combined with the building designs to help in the reduction of the negative environmental personal effects.Deign and building professions the use the green designs ensure that they take a leak vigilant attention to the aspects that oversee the realises designs. Buildings made from green products are airtight and therefore keeps the buildings from inner(a) and exterior defilements. Constructions that use green materials ensure that there is a heal thy environment to the people in the society (Wiaderski 2). The green products are classified in the division of energy rating, life cycle costs and health conditions (Wiaderski 4).The common run arounds of the green buildings include the energy conservation in which include factors such insulation, mechanically skillful equipment and economic lights as well. The other feature include the utilization of solar energy in which factors such as space heating, cooling and piss heating are considered. There is also the urine conservation feature which ensures that there are fixtures of low consumption. Other features of the green products include the recycled material incorporation and materials with low emissions better indoor air quality ventilation (Levin Best Sustainable Indoor Air Quality Practices in Commercial Buildings).The other features of the green products include the development sites that less destructive to the environments which include processes such as run-off contr ol, water courses and other natural habitats preservations. The other feature is the treatment of the on-site waste water. There are also features such the use of refrigeration and fire systems that have compounds that reduce or eliminate ozone-depletion. The other feature include the use of life cycled materials and assessment of the building projects environmental impacts.The last feature of the green products is the use of recycled products (Levin Best Sustainable Indoor Air Quality Practices in Commercial Buildings). Green building materials are sustainable to the environment since they help in the improvement of the health standards of the people. These are recycled materials that are highly durable. These products are categorised in criteria such as the resource efficient products which include products such remedy products, post-consumer and pre-consumer products. This category also includes products such as waste agricultural materials.The green products also include produc t that are non toxic which include products such as the natural processed and non ozone-depletion products. This category also includes non hazardous products and other environmental protection products. The other category of the green products includes the energy and the water efficiency products which include products such heat reducing building components and energy conserving equipments. Other products include the energy renewable equipment and water conserving equipments (Port 3).The last category of the green products includes the safe and healthy built environment products. These products include the non-pollutant products and products that reduce the defilement spread. Other products that are in this category include the indoor pollutants removers products and products that are used in model about health hazards. Other products include that are light improvers and help in the control of noise. Lastly, this category includes products that help in community well-beings enhan cement (Port 3).Homes that are made from green products are durable, healthier and more efficient that other home. Components of a green home include selection of strategical sites to reduce environmental impacts. The other component is designs that help in conserving water and energy and waste. The other components include designs that minimize usage of materials and therefore reduce the needs to maintain the homes. Homes made from the green materials possess components that are recycled and are therefore efficient to the energy conservation. These components also use sources that are renewable (NACo Green Government Initiative 1).Green products have been used by the USAs Green Building pick Centre. These products help in the conserving the energy, water and natural resources. The products also help in the protection of the indoor environment of the buildings (Levin 465-482). How to determine a green product Green products are determined by how they meet the extremitys of the pe rformance. These requirements include the factors such as being sufficient and durable. The other requirements of the performance include the strength predictability and stability.Other requirements are such as moisture, decay and bio-contamination resistance and have less cost compared to other products. The other requirement includes factors of being non-toxic and non-hazardous to the people around. Lastly, these products are able to be efficiently and effectively installed (Pearce 3). The other way to determine whether a product is green is by ensuring that the product is not negatively an impact to the ecosystems. In this way, one should ensure that the product is harvested sustainably and is also non-accumulative and non-toxic to the environment.Another way of determining the product id this category is by ensuring that the product is recyclable and is cost effective since it does not have to be repair and maintained. Products in this criterion also produce waste that bear be reused and recovered (Pearce 4). Another way to determine the green products is by ensuring that the products are able to be renewed. In this criterion, the products are checked is they are renewable and if they bathroom be harvested sustainably. The other things to consider are whether the products are materials that are closed loop. This means that the products should be checked whether they are reused or recycled.Other things to consider in this criterion are things such as whether the product is adaptable or reusable and also whether they are non-renewable. Lastly, the products are checked whether they use unsustainable material (Pearce 5). The other factors that determine whether a product is green include factors such as green products saves energy. In this factor the products are determined whether they help in the reduction of the heating and cooling loads. Other factors are whether the products use reduces energy levels. Lastly, the green products are products that kindle produce energy.Products can be determined as green products when they protect the natural resources. In this factor, the products are checked whether they have recycled content and whether they are made from agricultural waste. Products that use less material and are made from materials that are swiftly renewable also fall in this category. The products in this category are those that are made from managed forest and are also products that are salvaged (OFGEM A review of the Energy Efficiency Commitment 2002-2005). The other factor that can make a product green is when they can conserve water.The products include those that can conserve and consume less water. The other way to determine whether the products are green is by checking whether the products have contributed in the safety and healthiness of the indoor environment. In this way the products are determined whether that have effects on the indoors. Such products should not release and pollutants in the buildings. Products in this category do not remove pollutants in the indoor environment (Mendell 227-236). Lastly, products can be determined to be green when they reduce the impacts of buildings on the community.These products are those that moderate the storm water effects and also help in the readying of access to transportation modes that are alternatives to other transportation modes. These are also products that treat without the use of the chemicals and also do not components that deplete the ozone (Levin 173-175). Practical examples of the buildings and projects which are among the 10 winners of What makes it green 2008 winners that have been used in the illustration of the green products include the Bertschi School in Seattle WA which was helped the people in the area to minimize the usage of transportation.The other example is the Centre of Urban amnionic fluid project in the Tacoma that is used in storm water runoff reduction. The other illustration is of the Corvallis CoHousing project in th e Corvallis which has ensure that the there is minimization of the use of the resources through sharing. There is also the illustration of Kitsap Sustainable Energy and Economic Development that encourages clean energy development (Dispenza Green Building Elements What makes it Green? 2008 Winners). ImplementationThe greenness of products can be evaluated from different perspectives for example according to their durability, stability, strength and speed. The greenness of products can be judged from the way a product or a material reduces its demand for landfills especially the cement fellowship Ceratech in the U. S which makes use of recycled vaporize ash to manufacture Redimax cement. Ceratech, Inc a engineering science company for materials focuses in the enlargement and the commercialization of inventive green cement sustainable knowledge (Stone 1).The Romans used the volcanic ash (Pozzolan) which they mixed together with lime in order to manufacture the cement for construc ting Coliseums, Pantheon and Pont du Gard Aqueduct in Southern France which are strong to date. Pozzolans include fly ash, timber ash, slag and residue from publicly consequential garbage which are blazed at elevated temperatures. The Ceratech Company uses fly ash in producing Redimax which is their cement for all household productions though it manufactures its cement locally by using Class N volcanic ash pozzolans to produce their cement. travel residue, is a diaphanously alienated coal incineration derivative which is collected by electrostatic precipitators from the chimney gases. A rough calculation of 60% which equals to 42 M tons of fly ash is land filled in the U. S. per annum (Fanney et al Second Inter field of study Green Building Conference and Exposition). There is a reduction in carbon footprint of cover due to the substitution of Portland cement with fly ash since the production of a item-by-item ton of Portland cement ca-cas production to roughly one ton of carbon dioxide.Ceratech technology of new cement is a footstep of change to the industry of construction by providing the cement which is environmental friendly and is engineered for its potency, momentum, permanence and its long-standing toughness. Fly ash which is a post industrial fritter away stream is apply by Ceratech, in order to produce morphologic cement of high presentation worldwide embrace of more than 90%materials from cast-off waste (Stone 3). The recycling process preserves the virgin material then eliminating the mining of raw materials which are needed to produce Portland cement.It also reduces the emissions of carbon dioxide by making the replacement of Portla1nd cement to every ton of Portla1nd cement produced. World wide, Portland cement gives a contribution of 6% to 8% of all the gases of Carbon dioxide released per year (Consoli et al Guideline for Life-Cycle Assessment A Code of Practice Society of environmental Toxicology and Chemistry). There is also the reduc tion of the energy consumed since the Ceratech Company is produced by the use of an amalgamation process of low energy powder against the calcining process of high temperatures.The Ceratech Company has done a careful manufacturing of their cement for the applications where strength, durability and strength are the preferred distinctiveness of a amount of money. There is competence of energy since their Pozzolanic cement requires 99% less energy to produce a corresponding amount of cement from Portland (CERATECH Green Sustainable geomorphologic Building Material engineering science Driving Change through advance(a) Thinking). The logistics behind the Redimax cement is that, it is shipped, handled, stored and batched ilk the Portland cement and it can either be transported by rail, truck or barge.Since the dangerous constituent of sustainable1 construction is durability, there is a designed subject to allow Ceratech maximizing the performance characteristics in order to comply up with the constructing concrete which will last for long. The deterioration resistant of Redimax, low permeability does helps in resisting the establishment of the corrosive cell within the ma1trix of the concrete and in so doing there is eradication of characteristic costs which associate with the traditional corrosion performances of protection, coatings and sacrificial fundamentals.Hence there is extended cycle of the life of a construction. The strengths of green material can also result from its comprehensive strength since the cement concrete acquires rapid characteristic of hardening so that it gives an easy generation of more than five hours comprehensive strengths of 2,000 psi without any negative impact working time (CERATECH Green Sustainable geomorphologic Building Material engine room Driving Change through Innovative Thinking).The Sulfate Resistance of the cement evaluates the greenness of the product by examining its uniform density and extreme fine pore structure w hich increases its resistance to the penetration by water or substance. There is evaluation of greenness of products in terms of Improved Flexural Strengths whereby when they are associated with Redimax there is a typical of 15% to 18% compressive strengths of correspondence. There is an allowance of reduced loading stress from the cement in order to substrate for slab on grade work more effectively than the Portland cement concrete.The enhancement of flexural capabilities does bring home the bacon for potential incorporation to longer spans fore important applications which are structural (CERATECH Green Sustainable Structural Building Material engineering science Driving Change through Innovative Thinking). The greenness of a product can be evaluated in terms of the expenses for instance the Ceratech construction expenses were reduced together with its direct and validating value of the building project which leadso the enhancement of the breadth of a company s goop cement dis tinctiveness.The construction costs include reduced labour costs which are as a result of the compression of the project schedule. The compression also diminished costs, for get items such as shoring organization, formwork and special apparatus. There is also the reduction of eliminate issues which are in association with the rejected concrete due to the sack up requirement of water within a period of 90 minutes. The construction cost reduction leads to the reduced prices in material costs by as much as 30% (CERATECH Green Sustainable Structural Building Material Technology Driving Change through Innovative Thinking).There is also operating costs which lead to the decrease of heating and cooling costs due to decrease on the whole thermal mass of the building. There is also outstanding confrontation to violate from the liquefying congeal, scaling and chemical assaults and the extension of the suitability for local, situation and centralized taxes by means of GREEN motivator curr iculum. There is also maximized reduction on saleable space expenses for example the reduced size structural mechanism by means of greater square recording.The evaluation of the greenness of a product can be gauged in terms of the innova1tion, aesthetics and environmental leadership. Innova1tion can be observed from the superior mechanical properties in order to give allowance to the increase in the usable space by decrease the column footprints, breadth of the slab, the height of the ceiling and the increased free distance lengths. There is also the increase of 30% in the increase fire charges.The other evaluation of greenness in innovation on innovation is the creation of blast dead set against structures, the rapid build dry piled block structures utilizing the innovatory and also the design storm resistant colossal stonework structures (CERATECH Green Sustainable Structural Building Material Technology Driving Change through Innovative Thinking). There is also the environmental leadership which entails the requirement of the technology of the product company as either stonework block concrete. This will do away with a single ton of carbon dioxide gas for every 3 yards of concrete.The efficiency, strength and safety of a product can brought out thr3ough greenness by the example of the technology of Ceratech cement technology which exceeds ASTM-C-1600 in all the groupings of testing. Whereby increase in the power gives allowance for greater suppleness of design, efficiency and the general presentation of building. The greenness of the product can also be observed from the efficiency of the design for instance in the Ceratech Company whereby the immoderate high strength hollow core floor board consent to greater free date extensions.There is reduction of overall weight of building whereby columns which cross sections can be reduced by a nearly percentage of 40%. There is also reduction of rebar requirements. The strength of the product can bring out its gre enness like in the case of Ceratech who have compressive strengths to 10,000 psi using standard mix designs with high early strengths to 2,000npsi in 6hours (CERATECH Green Sustainable Structural Building Material Technology Driving Change through Innovative Thinking).The use of green building construction, is of great benefit to the consumers since it is efficient in energy, water and materials, it minimizes waste and pollution and creates a better indoor environment. human bodying of buildings is aimed at humanizing interior excellence of the surrounding which can bring into being benefits for workplaces and the productivity of the workers as well as the landlords. A proficient green structure can be strong enticement when giving promotion to the charter of residential or marketable space.According to environmental protection agencies, deprived interior air quality is an environmental threat to a nation. Whereas sick building syndrome causes fatigue and illness which is brought a bout by woeful designed ventilations and the presence of biological contaminations for instance molds, bacteria and pollens. The indoor air pollutants can be as a result of smoking of tobacco, building resources, products for beautifying, practices for clearing out, pest management, hang oning, dust together with other activities such as cleaning and heating up (Stone 4).Due to poor green construction, there is a hazard of occupants complaining of several indications such headache, irritations in the eyes, nose and exasperation of the throats, dry coughs, itchy skin, wooziness and vomiting, difficulty in concentrating, exhaustion and sensitivity to scents. Relieve from the suffering, comes about after leaving the building. T he Sick Building Syndrome reduces the efficiency of the workers which may lead to increased non-attendance.Green construction indemnifies appropriate exposure to air, condensed particulate substance and substitutes to pollution of chemical as long as preserva tion and modifying activities work in performance with the intention of the established green materials and systems when the construction took place (Stone 4). The elements of design of a construction play an important role in eradicating interior contaminants. Therefore, there is an importance of integrating permanent entryway features for example grills or grates which will be used to capture dirt and particulate substance at all entryways with heavy traffic.The buildings should also include controls of tenants for airflow, temperature and lightning. The possible options have to include task lighting, operable windows and under-floor heating, aeration (ventilation) and air habituation (HVAC) arrangements with personal diffusers. There should be a possibility of the proposal of the building maximizing the quantity of proscribed daylight that can reach interior regions which are occupied. The prohibited day lighting involves reflective exteriors and disseminating elements which enab le sunshine distribution while taking control of frown.Additionally, light sensors should be installed to supplement the total amount of sunshine to supply desirable lighting levels for the necessary errands (Lippiatt 37-45). The relative greenness of a product can be evaluated from scrutinizing the construction resources, supplying, and other products such as air fresheners, clearing products and pesticides which in the end result can discharge contaminants more or less incessantly. Therefore, there is a proposal of Formaldehyde-free materials for floor covering, furniture, fortifications and upper limits, lagging and finishes, sub-flooring and en suite breakfronts.Preferably all the bonding agents and paints should not have any fillings of Volatile Organic field (VOC) but instead ordinary and water-based coverings should be used. Low and no-discharge grounds and flooring finishes, natural coverings of the floor are of greatly preferred to conventional carpeting (Stone 5). An obs ervation from United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) the financial benefits of residential green building, there is a production of $200-$400 in annual savings in energy from the houses which are built to Energy Star.This are all on heating, cooling and water grass related costs. The durability of the green home construction interprets to additional savings on the preservations over the earth of a home (Internal Revenue Service exchequer and IRS Provide Guidance on Energy accredit to Home Builders). There is an important role which is played by the counties in educating the residents and builders of homes, about saving energy and obtainable refunds, recognitions and other funding support for green structure and projects for home development (Weitz et al. 5810-5849).The counties can give an action of Clearinghouse of information for builders and confidential citizens who have an interest of capitalizing on the benefits of investments of their green building schemes. The incentives of finance in order to build green, come in different forms including impute from taxes, for individual taxpayers, accelerating process of giving permit for homebuilders and rebates from both power and water companies for doing the setting up of resource competent attributes in a abidance (Roodman et al A Building Revolution How Ecology and Health Concerns are Transforming Construction).The ready(prenominal) incentives and rebate programs available to landlords and homebuilders include the Federal Energy constitution Act Tax Incentives whereby this act of Federal Energy Policy Act 2005, presents the inducements of tax for both acquiring and installing competent energy productions in building. This proceed comprises of credits to builders and customers for green structure schemes, enhancements of energy economy home and solar energy organizations (Internal Revenue Service Treasury and IRS Provide Guidance on Energy Credit to Home Builders).On the national Ratings Certifications and Standards, the recognized national ratings, standards systems and certifications of green building can be exceptional gear for regions for employment when coming up with own residential curriculums for green building. There can be customization of national programs in accordance to the differences of the region while giving provision of approval framework on which counties can come up with their own increase of green building.Therefore there is a widespread network which has provided allowance to the national programs to bring together case studies and al1 the best information practices from all through the U. S (EIA Analysis of 10% renewable Portfolio Standard). There are a number of green building ratings, certifications and standard programs which are countrywide well known and may be given a priority to come up with programs of green building.They include, LEED for homes which is a USGBC with a mission of advancing the revolution of the market of the environm ent which is constructs, increases and supervises the LEED for the rating systems of homes which were put into action in 2005 and gave provision to a tool for certifying homes that are given a design in order to be energy, water and efficient of resources and built with the health of future occupants being considered.There is also the Centre for Communities by Design whereby the American Institute of Architects (AIA) Centre for Communities by Design does provide support to the societies on sustainable training through its curriculum of Sustainable Design Assistance Team. SDATs undertaking is to provide methodological support in order to hold up communities come up with the vision and the construction for a sustainable future (EIA Analysis of 10% renewable Portfolio Standard). Conclusion The discussion in the paper was based on the green building products and their sustainability of Construction.It seems that, in many cases, the best alternative of a design for interior surrounding quality gives a determination on the excellence of the general atmosphere. Therefore the elimination of air contamination in the indoor will be determined by the durability of the building material which will hence need lower quantities and less toxic chemicals for the maintenance and renovation (Levin Best Sustainable Indoor Air Quality Practices in Commercial Buildings). The paper focused on the implementation and exploration of the green products for construction.There is also the evaluation of the greenness of construction materials which can be evaluated in different ways including valuing the durability, stability, strength and speed of the materials (Levin Building Design and Material Selection). The greenness of products is judged from the way a product or a material reduces its demand for landfills especially the cement company Ceratech in the U. S which makes use of recycled fly ash to manufacture Redimax cement. There are also energy policy acts which are featured on the paper which focus on means of saving the energy (EIA Analysis of 10% renewable Portfolio Standard).